Your car’s differential is a key part of the drivetrain, but most drivers don’t think about it until there’s a problem. No matter what type of vehicle you drive—rear-wheel, front-wheel, or all-wheel-drive—the differential ensures smooth handling, especially when turning. If it starts to wear out or fails, you’ll notice it in your car’s performance. So, how can you tell if something’s wrong before it turns into an expensive repair?
What Does a Differential Do
A differential allows your wheels to rotate at different speeds while turning. When a car moves in a straight line, both wheels on an axle spin at the same rate, however, when you turn, the wheels must rotate at different speeds—the outer wheel covers more distance than the inner wheel. The differential makes this possible by distributing engine power between the wheels, ensuring a smooth and controlled turn.
Types of Differentials
Different vehicles use different types of differentials depending on how power is delivered to the wheels.
Open Differential
The most common type, an open differential, splits power between both wheels but allows each wheel to rotate independently. This setup works well for most driving conditions but can struggle in low-traction situations, such as ice or mud.
Limited-Slip Differential (LSD)
A limited-slip differential functions like an open differential but can send more power to the wheel with better traction. This design helps improve handling and control, especially in performance or off-road vehicles.
Locking Differential
Common in off-road and heavy-duty vehicles, a locking differential forces both wheels on an axle to rotate at the same speed. This provides maximum traction on rough terrain but isn’t ideal for everyday driving since it can make turning more difficult.
Torque-Vectoring Differential
Found in some high-performance and all-wheel-drive vehicles, a torque-vectoring differential actively adjusts power distribution to each wheel in real time. This improves cornering stability and handling.
Signs of a Failing Differential
Like any other part of your vehicle, the differential can wear out over time. If you notice any of these symptoms, it may be time for an inspection:
- Whining or howling noises – A high-pitched whining sound, especially when accelerating or decelerating, can indicate worn-out differential bearings or low fluid levels.
- Clunking or grinding sounds – Unusual noises when shifting gears or making turns may point to internal damage.
- Vibrations while driving – A failing differential can cause excessive vibrations, especially at higher speeds.
- Difficulty turning – If your car feels unstable or struggles to turn smoothly, the differential may not be functioning properly.
- Fluid leaks – Differential fluid keeps gears lubricated. If you see leaking fluid near the axles, the seals or gasket may need attention.
How to Maintain Your Differential
Proper maintenance can extend the life of your differential and prevent costly repairs.
- Check and change the differential fluid – Just like engine oil, differential fluid needs to be changed periodically to keep internal components lubricated. Most manufacturers recommend replacing it every 30,000 to 60,000 miles, but check your owner’s manual for specific intervals.
- Inspect seals and gaskets – Leaking fluid can lead to premature wear and damage. Regular inspections can catch small leaks before they turn into bigger problems.
- Avoid excessive wheel spin – If one wheel loses traction and spins too much, it can put stress on the differential. If you’re stuck in mud or snow, try to regain traction gradually rather than forcing the wheels to spin.
If your car is making unusual noises or handling poorly, your differential could be the culprit. The experienced team at Space Center Automotive of Clear Lake in Houston, TX, can inspect, repair, and maintain your differential to keep your vehicle running smoothly. Call or stop by today for expert service!